Introduction: The right use of Blood is necessary because of the high cost of correct Blood screening, Blood grouping, and cross match. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rate of the reserved and cross matched Blood before elective surgeries which were done in Bahman 22nd Hospital. It also aims at evaluating the standard guideline for ordering Blood.Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study from 1380 to 1388 that evaluates evaluating 6145 files of the patients hospitalized in 22 Bahman 22nd Hospital for surgery during the years of 1380 to 1388. The elective operations include General surgery, Gynecology, orthopedic, ENT, Urology and Neurosurgery. The number of patients, the number of reserved and cross matched units and the number of transfused units was recorded for each group of patients collected in each groups. Finally, the number of reserved Blood units in that period of time and in each group was compared with the standard guideline. Also the number of transfused Blood units was evaluated. The ratio of cross matched to transfused Blood units lower than 2.5 was considered as standard. And The obtained data were analyzed, using with SPSS.Results: A total of 1557 Blood units of Blood were reserved for 772 patients.1305 units (66.47%) were cross matched, but just 126 units (8.1%) were transfused. The effective factors in increasing the possibility of transfusion were the ages<20 & >80 years old, Hb £ 12, the type of surgery and the surgeon. Although after the application of the guidelines in1385, there was 64.44% decrease in the rate of cross matching rate due to the decrease in the number of patients who were cross matched, but the average of cross matched units for each patient did not change. The total of C/T index of the hospital decreased from 14.1 to 3.7.Conclusion: The appropriate correct Blood reserving can decrease the unnecessary Blood reserves, lower the pressure on Blood banking centers and prevent Blood wastage.

Background & Aim: Diabetes Mellitus is the most common metabolic condition. This disease is not diagnosed in approximately 1/2 of the patients actually suffering from the disease. In addition, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is more than in patients with periodontitis when compared to periodontally healthy subjects. Thus, a high number of patients with periodontitis may have undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between capillary Blood Glucose level and sulcular Blood Glucose level and Blood from gingival tissues during routine periodontal examination used form gingival tissues during routine periodontal examination used for determining Glucose level.Methods & Subjects: Thirty non-diabetic and 30 diabetic patients with moderate or severe periodontitis were included and subjected to routine clinical periodontal examination. Blood oozing from gingival tissues of anterior teeth following periodontal pocket probing was collected with the stick of Glucose self monitoring devices. As control, finger stick capillary Blood was taken. Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and t tests.Results: The patient Blood Glucose levels ranged from 58 mg/dl to 477 mg/dl and the value of Blood samples taken from gingival or finger tip showed a very high intra patient correlation (r = 0.99, P< 0.0001). The results suggested that Blood oozig during routine periodontal examination may be used for Diabetes Mellitus screening in a dental office setting.Conclusion: Since there is correlation between sulcular Glucose Blood level and capillary Glucose Blood level, we can use this method for screening diabetic patient in dental clinic.

Background and aims: Current diabetes treatments are based on Blood Glucose level monitoring. However, it is necessary to design another non-invasive reliable diagnostic method. In current study, we aimed to determine the relation between fasting Blood sugar (FBS) and fasting salivary Glucose. Methods: In this case-control study, 30 diabetic patients (case) and 30 nondiabetic individuals (control) referred to a military hospital in 2019 were studied. The correlation between FBS and fasting salivary Glucose was evaluated with Pearson test. Results: The mean age of participants in control and case group was 55. 4±, 2. 8 and 63. 7±, 2 years old, respectively. The mean FBS was 100. 5±, 3. 3 and 149. 2±, 3. 8 mg/dL in controls and cases, respectively, which were significantly different from each other (p<0. 001). The mean fasting salivary Glucose in the control group and the case group was 0. 8±, 0. 14 and 1. 59±, 0. 35 mg/dL, respectively, which was significant different in the two groups (p=0. 038). Pearson analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between FBS and fasting salivary Glucose (r=0. 265, p=0. 042). Conclusion: Fasting salivary Glucose can be used as a noninvasive tool to control Blood Glucose in diabetics.

Introduction: Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with higher rates of fetal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Screening of GDM using traditional plasma analysis on venous plasma Glucose is very expensive and time consuming. The aim of the present study was to compare laboratory venous Blood Glucose measurement and capillary Blood Glucose measurement by glucometer in the screening of gestational diabetes.Methods: In this cross sectional study, 256 pregnant women were screened for GDM, by glucometer on capillary Blood samples and simultaneously, by laboratory plasma analysis method on venous Blood samples, obtained after one-hour 50-g Glucose Challenge test. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 19 software.Results: Capillary Glucose levels were significantly higher than venous plasma Glucose levels. There was a significant correlation between venous and capillary Glucose levels. A lower threshold of 157mg/dl (area under the ROC curve=.922) with a 88.5% sensitivity and 87% specificity and an upper threshold of 211 mg/dl (area under the ROC curve=.982) with a 91.7% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity, was determined to diagnose GDM in 24-28 weeks pregnant women, using Reservoir Operating Curve. Using kappa agreement coefficient, a 64% agreement was shown between to two tests, in 24-28 weeks pregnant women, which is of great significance.Conclusion: GDM screening by glucometer on capillary Blood samples, is a highly sensitive and specific test to diagnose GDM and significantly reduces the number of further tests needed for the diagnosis of GDM and is cost saving as well.

In people with Type 1 Diabetes, self-monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) is an integral part of treatment. SMBG can play an important role in improving metabolic control in patients with diabetes. It is recommended for patients treated with insulin and is desirable for all patients with diabetes. Judicious use of SMBG data can help to improve glycemic control, select an anti-diabetic regimen, and provide powerful feedback to patients wishing to improve metabolic control. Among patients with type 1 diabetes, SMBG has been associated with improved health outcomes. Self monitoring of Blood Glucose is an opportunity for people with diabetes to take control of their health. The main goal of treatment is to keep Blood Glucose levels in the normal or near-normal range. Monitoring Blood Glucose levels is one of the best ways of determining how well a diabetes treatment plan is working. Adjusted for age, gender, diabetes duration, year of treatment, insulin regimen, insulin dose, BMI-SDS, and center difference, SMBG frequency was significantly associated with better metabolic control with a drop of HbA1c of 0.20% for one additional SMBG per day. However, some studies showed that increasing the SMBG frequency above 5/d did not result in further improvement of metabolic control. Further, costs associated with SMBG are high and rising steadily due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes and higher rates of self-monitoring. Most experts agree that insulintreated patients should monitor Blood Glucose at least four times a day, most commonly fasting, before meals, and before bed.

Metformin, a biguanide drug, is widely prescribed to treat high Blood Glucose in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a troubling chronic disease and diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important complications of diabetes mellitus. Recent studies suggest that metformin, in addition to its efficacy in treating type 2 diabetes, may also have therapeutic efficacy in other conditions, including diabetic nephropathy or ameliorative property against tubular cell injury. Moreover, metformin significantly decreases albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the exact mechanisms beyond the effect of metformin on Blood Glucose are still unknown. Recent studies suggest that the therapeutic effect of metformin is mediated by its action on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in tissues. Various investigations show that metformin decreases intracellular reactive oxygen species. Metformin protects against tubular injury by restoring the biochemical alterations and regulation of oxidative stress on renal tubules. It also protects podocytes in nephropathy of diabetes. These findings can more strongly potentiate the clinical use of metformin in the prevention of nephropathy of diabetes. In this regard, to better understand the metformin nephroprotective properties, more experimental rat models and clinical studies are needed.

Background: The insulin level of fetus indicates the effects of maternal diabetes on fetus and its health in future. There is not exact Glucose threshold in maternal Glucose tolerance test (GTT) for fetal hyperinsulinism and its correlation with fetal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between insulin levels in cord Blood with maternal Blood Glucose levels in 75 gram oral GTT.Methods: This is a cohort study on 200 pregnant women in Tehran Javaheri hospital in 2009. The 75 gram OGTT was performed at 24- 28 weeks of gestation and then 2 cc of cord Blood for measuring insulin was gotten at delivery time. The data analysed by SPSS ver 13 and correlation, regression and independent t test.Results: 5.5% of neonates have hyperinsulinism. The correlation between maternal fasting Blood sugar and cord Blood insulin was significant. The correlation between infant birth weight and cord Blood insulin and also maternal first hour Glucose level in 75 gram OGTT was significant. Although the level of cord Blood insulin was higher in mothers with impaired GTT but the correlation was not significant.Conclusion: The concentration of insulin in fetus indicate the levels of Glucose that transfer from mother to fetus intrauterine. In this study the most correlation between hyperinsulinemia with maternal fasting Blood sugar was observed. It seems maternal FBS has the most sensitivity for detection of hyperinsulinemia in fetus.

Background and Aim: Finding a relationship between the Blood Glucose level and its concentration in other body fluids such as the saliva can help in developing a conservative method for Blood sugar assessment replacing venous sampling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of Blood Glucose level with salivary Glucose in diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 75 diabetic patients as the case and 75 healthy subjects as the control group. Blood and salivary Glucose levels were measured in the two groups. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation of Blood Glucose with salivary Glucose in the two groups.Results: The mean (±SD) Blood Glucose and salivary Glucose level was 247±24.2mg/dl and 1.4±0.2mg/dl in the case group, respectively. These rates were 84.97±15.8 and 1.09±0.12mg/dl in the control group, respectively. Statistical analyses showed a high correlation between Blood Glucose level and salivary Glucose in diabetic patients (r=0.9); whereas this correlation was insignificant in the healthy control group (r=0.18).Conclusion: This study showed a high correlation between Blood Glucose level and salivary Glucose in diabetic patients.